Despite meeting the criteria for protection, these habitats \u2014 valuable for biodiversity even in Europe \u2014 are full of garbage, illegal construction, unauthorized logging, and poaching. Fires are set deliberately, tires are burned, and the environment is polluted.<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n Piles of trash that nobody cleans up, areas turned into illegal dumps, plastic, bags, car tires, dead animals\u2026 This is how \u0106emovsko Polje near Podgorica and Velika Pla\u017ea with its hinterland in Ulcinj now look \u2014 habitats that, due to their specificity and exceptional biodiversity value, are candidates for two important international ecological networks: Emerald and Natura 2000.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n Whether due to neglect or insufficient information, most citizens we surveyed online are unaware that these areas have great ecological potential and biodiversity value, nor that they could become part of important global nature protection networks. The state should take better care of these areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Emerald habitats are considered crucial for biodiversity conservation in Europe. These areas have been selected because of the presence of rare, endemic, and endangered species, as well as habitats of great ecological importance at the European level. The European Union (EU) countries, as well as some countries in Europe, North Africa, and Asia, work on forming this network. The network is based on the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, known as the Bern Convention. Countries that have signed this convention are obligated to protect and maintain the areas they nominate for this network. Montenegro did so in 2009 and nominated 32 areas in 2011. Non-compliance with EU conventions slows Montenegro\u2019s EU accession and negatively affects the country\u2019s integrity.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0106emovsko Polje is one of the few remaining natural pseudosteppes of the Eastern Mediterranean. Although recognized as a potential Emerald site, this field covering 55.5 square kilometers near Podgorica has become a victim of illegal waste dumping, tire burning, poaching, arson, illegal logging, and unauthorized construction.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n Velika Pla\u017ea faces a similar fate. One of the most beautiful beaches in this part of Europe, with an endless sandy shore stretching 13 kilometers, it is home to unique species, some of which inhabit only this specific habitat. For years, parts of this magical area have been turned into illegal dumps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n An additional threat comes from recent announcements by Montenegro\u2019s Prime Minister Milojko Spaji\u0107<\/strong> that the land of both Emerald candidates could be repurposed. \u201cI see a city forming on Velika Pla\u017ea, I see a Central Business District on \u0106emovsko Polje,\u201d said Spaji\u0107 during a guest appearance on the \u201cDisKrimiNacija\u201d podcast by the NGO Center for Civic Freedoms (CEGAS).<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n The previous management of the responsible ministry told the Center for Investigative Journalism of Montenegro (CIN-CG) that the main harmful human impacts on these areas are intensive urbanization and, on \u0106emovsko Polje, intensive agriculture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cThe basic measure for protecting \u0106emovsko Polje (and other candidates) is the official designation as an Emerald area, on which we are working in cooperation with relevant institutions and organizations. The Directorate for Nature Protection proposed as a protective measure that officially nominated Emerald candidates be included in Montenegro\u2019s Spatial Plan until 2040, which is currently being developed,\u201d the government ministry states.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n Both \u0106emovsko Polje and Velika Pla\u017ea have also been identified as potential Natura 2000 sites. Velika Pla\u017ea was protected in 1968 and currently holds the status of a natural monument, while \u0106emovsko Polje officially has no protection status yet, despite fulfilling all criteria according to various national and international strategic documents.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n The Natura 2000 network covers protected areas within the EU territory. The key difference between Natura 2000 and the Emerald network is that countries neglecting declared Natura 2000 sites can be held accountable in court. In EU countries, Natura 2000 corresponds to what Emerald is for EU candidate countries, meaning obtaining Emerald status is practically a prerequisite for Natura 2000.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0106emovsko polje as a Treasury of Medicinal Herbs<\/strong><\/p>
\n <\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n Photo: “\u0106emovsko polje” Jelena Popovi\u0107, CDE<\/em><\/p>\r\n <\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n \u201cThe plant and animal world is diverse on \u0106emovsko polje. Although most associations connect it with a landfill and illegal construction, this area is one of the rare natural pseudosteppes in the Balkans. Unlike steppes, pseudosteppes (such as \u0106emovsko polje) with grasses and annual plants have a typical Mediterranean distribution in areas with Mediterranean or altered Mediterranean climate. These are semi-natural habitats because, although composed of plant species that have spontaneously developed and adapted, they are replaced by or preceded by woody plant communities. Pseudosteppes are often the result of disturbance processes usually linked to human activities: fire, livestock grazing, crop cultivation, and forestry,\u201d explains Dragana Savelji\u0107<\/strong>, a biologist from the Montenegrin Ecologists Society (MES), for CIN-CG.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n According to her, approximately one-fifth of the total flora in Montenegro has been identified in \u0106emovsko polje \u2014 about 1,153 plant species, of which 34 are Balkan endemics, and four exist only in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. One of these four is the Dalmatian hyacinth (Hyacinthella dalmatica), a strictly protected species, a rare plant with bell-shaped, bluish individual flowers. \u201cIt is here to remind us that the sky above \u0106emovsko polje can be as clean and blue as its petals, and that its habitat\u2019s survival depends on us,\u201d says Savelji\u0107.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n In this area, plants from the families of grasses, knapweeds, legumes, and lamiaceae dominate the most. One can find as many as 17 species from the orchid family, which is almost half of the total number of orchid species in Montenegro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Even in King Nikola\u2019s time, Savelji\u0107 points out, the great potential of \u0106emovsko polje for growing medicinal plants was recognised. \u201cBack then, the field was mostly used to grow pyrethrum, an aromatic plant known worldwide as a natural insecticide.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Besides pyrethrum, \u0106emovsko polje is home to sage, chamomile, immortelle, thyme, wormwood\u2026 One can often find lemon balm, mint, balm (plants commonly known as \u2018iva\u2019 and \u2018pepelju\u0161a\u2019 in the local language), as well as heather, an important melliferous plant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n According to Savelji\u0107, due to the large number of sunny days (essential oils synthesise most intensively under strong sunlight), it is believed that chamomile from \u0106emovsko polje contains twice as much azulene as those grown in other parts of Europe. \u201cThat is just one of the reasons why \u0106emovsko polje is an exceptional habitat. Immortelle is one of the most sought-after aromatic plants, highly valued and expensive, especially in the cosmetics industry. Its name (Helichrysum, helios \u2013 sun) indicates where we can find this plant, and where is sunnier than the dry and warm hills around \u0106emovsko,\u201d says the biologist.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n She reminds us of an old medieval saying \u2013 \u201cWhy should a man die when he has sage growing in his garden?\u201d \u201cWe could rephrase this to \u2018Why should a man die when sage grows on \u0106emovsko polje?\u2019 Wouldn\u2019t it be nicer to breathe in the essential oils of aromatic plants than the smoke of burning tires? Wouldn\u2019t it be better to collect free medicinal herbs than to accumulate heavy metals and microplastics for the generations to come?\u201d she asks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Several decades ago, \u0106emovsko polje was covered by Planta\u017ee 13. jul vineyards, which today are considered the largest continuous vineyard in Europe. Today, we witness the extreme expansion of Podgorica and Tuzi, as well as Planta\u017ee, construction of infrastructure, exploitation of land and gravel, and uncontrolled waste disposal. All these activities conducted on \u0106emovsko polje have significant negative effects,\u201d the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) told CIN-CG.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n Based on research from 2016 to 2019, the EPA found that out of several thousand hectares of \u0106emovsko polje, only 924 hectares remain that look as they did before Podgorica and Tuzi began to grow and before the vineyards were built. \u201cThis area has been proposed as a candidate for specially protected areas (SPA) under the Birds Directive, and \u0106emovsko polje is especially important during the spring bird migration, when a huge number of birds entering Montenegro over the Bojana Delta and then over Koplik and the dry area around Lake Skadar pass through \u0106emovsko polje, Bjelopavli\u0107i Plain on their way to destinations in central, eastern, northern Europe, and even Siberia. There is also a huge number of raptors that pass over \u0106emovsko polje, making it an important resting site during migration.”<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n The EPA further notes that \u0106emovsko polje is important for several species of warblers, which are food for raptors. \u201cWe can only hope that with the declaration of protected areas under the Natura 2000 network, the proposed protected part of \u0106emovsko polje will be secured and that protection will ensure the survival of these bird species, which are so-called Natura 2000 species.\u201d<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n The significance of areas like \u0106emovsko polje is beautifully illustrated by the fact that some steppes are under UNESCO protection. For example, the Eastern Mongolian steppes, the largest remaining untouched temperate grasslands on Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Birds build nests among the trash<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0106emovsko polje is also a potential Area of International Importance for Plants (IBA), an Area of International Importance for Birds (IPA), and a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA). It is home to over 40 bird species, some of which are strictly protected by the Birds Directive, such as the great and short-toed lark, the nightjar, the tawny pipit, the lesser grey shrike, the steppe shrike, the bee-eater, and the jackdaw. Birds in this area predominantly build their nests on the ground, in the grass, among rocks. And among trash.<\/p>
\n Andrijana Mi\u0107anovi\u0107<\/strong>, a biologist from the Montenegrin Society of Ecologists (MES), told CIN-CG that \u0106emovsko polje is an important habitat for several reptile species, notably the four-lined snake (Elaphe quatuorlineata<\/em>), the leopard snake (Zamenis situla<\/em>), and the Hermann\u2019s tortoise (Testudo hermanni<\/em>). \u201cAll three species are protected at the national and international levels (European Habitats Directive \u2013 Annex II, Annex IV). Considering this is an unurbanized area and with ensured connectivity to surrounding unurbanized lands, \u0106emovsko polje will have an important role in maintaining present populations in the future,\u201d Mi\u0107anovi\u0107 explains.<\/p>
\n This area also has a characteristic entomofauna. \u201cIn this habitat type, the majority of present insect species belong to butterflies, orthopterans (crickets), and hymenopterans. These groups have a stable food source and breeding grounds for larvae due to the presence of numerous herbaceous plant species. Four conservation-significant butterfly species are found here \u2014 Euphydryas aurinia<\/em>, Zerynthia polyxena<\/em>, Iphiclides podalirius<\/em>, and Papilio machaon<\/em>. There are also three endemic cricket species specific to the Dinaric region and the Balkan Peninsula \u2014 Barbitistes ocskayi<\/em>, Ephippiger discoidalis<\/em>, and Eupholidoptera chabrieri<\/em>,\u201d said biologist Bogi\u0107 Gligorovi\u0107<\/strong> for CIN-CG.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n From the NGO EnvPro, it is emphasized that certain conservation measures for \u0106emovsko polje would be important. Among them, primarily cleaning the entire area, which would be one of the most demanding activities in terms of finances, time, and resources, but also one of the most necessary.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n They also highlight that the area has great tourism potential but that development in this direction must be based on respect for nature. \u201cThat is why we built a birdwatching hide, where nature lovers, photographers, and ornithologists can stay and observe birds that gather at the constructed pond in front of the hide. Additional hides can be established in the area.\u201d The NGO also notes that maintaining the field through low-intensity grazing or mowing would be beneficial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Spatial-Urban Plan of the Capital City \u2014 Podgorica until 2025 envisaged areas for individual housing (low-density housing) on the edges near Omerbo\u017eovi\u0107 and Dino\u0161a, as well as areas for agriculture, sports, and recreation. In 2022, when Ivan Vukovi\u0107<\/strong> was acting mayor of Podgorica, the city announced plans to build a central city park covering 43.7 hectares on \u0106emovsko polje, near the administrative building of the Football Association of Montenegro (FSCG) and the football camp. An electronic platform, nacemovsko.me, was launched where citizens could propose ideas for the park\u2019s design. Suggestions included creating a botanical garden, artificial hills and lakes with islands, aquariums, a rose garden and flower beds, a water park, and an outdoor wedding venue.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n It is important to emphasise, however, that any investment must consider the uniqueness and importance of \u0106emovsko polje as it currently is and has always been from a biodiversity perspective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n While conducting a socio-economic analysis, the NGO EnvPro also learned that a large number of citizens are interested in protecting \u0106emovsko polje.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n Velika pla\u017ee is being destroyed by unsustainable spatial planning, dunes are disappearing<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n Photo: “Sea holly \u2013 Eryngium maritimum” by Jelena Popovi\u0107, MES<\/em><\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n The architect and executive director of the NGO Dr. Martin Schneider-Jacoby Association (MSJA), Zenepa Lika<\/strong>, believes that the key harmful impacts on Velika Pla\u017ea (Long Beach) stem from unsustainable spatial planning and land use in the area.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cWe can start with the Special Purpose Spatial Plan (SPSP) OP \u2013 DSL sectors 65 and 66, which parceled Velika Pla\u017ea (and its hinterland) into sectors for tourism, effectively condemning this part of the coast. Although the significance of this area and the threats it faces have been highlighted, there is no adequate monitoring of the activities taking place here. This primarily refers to the management by the Public Enterprise for Coastal Zone Management (JPMD) and how parts of the beach are leased,\u201d Lika explains.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n Although there are clear guidelines on how the beach can be used and what can and cannot be built, on-site enforcement is nonexistent. “The mere fact that lessees are tacitly allowed to install access towers, and even asphalt roads in protected dunes, shows that profit is the only thing that matters. A large part of these unique dunes, which serve to protect the beach from erosion, has been destroyed and converted into parking lots for bathers. The negative impacts on this area extend to the surrounding wetland habitats. In the name of tourism development, unique landscapes are being sacrificed, clearly showing there is no serious approach to protecting this area,\u201d she adds.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n From JPMD, in a statement for CIN-CG, they said that the Service for Coastal Development and Construction has undertaken works in recent years to temporarily construct artificial dunes in front of HTP Ulcinj Riviera buildings. They explained that these activities were carried out in phases and involved building dunes for the winter season and flattening them to create usable beach space for the summer tourist season. “The DSLs provide clear guidelines for both development and protection of the area, which means the land wasn’t parceled but rather divided into modules through DSLs,\u201d they claim.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n Long-term consequences of human activities on Velika Pla\u017ea and its hinterland include biodiversity loss and irreversible destruction of natural values. \u201cUltimately, we could lose the entire area. The most important thing is to strengthen field control by competent inspection bodies and improve their cooperation with other state institutions,\u201d JPMD also said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lika points out that, institutionally, there are no adequate penalties in place, nor has any plan been made to rehabilitate the illegal landfills that are spreading throughout the Velika Pla\u017ea hinterland. \u201cAlthough the municipal utility company launched several cleanup actions this year, it’s not enough. No one is addressing the issue of septic tank emptying at hotels, which happens near the beaches, including the wetland part of Velika Pla\u017ea.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photo: “Velika Pla\u017ea and its hinterland” by Jelena Popovi\u0107, MES<\/em><\/p>\r\n <\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Former officials from the relevant ministry say that, in order to provide better protection for Velika Pla\u017ea, the Environmental Protection Agency is preparing a revision study, which is in its final phase. \u201cThe revision will propose protection measures and other important aspects of conservation,\u201d the ministry told CIN-CG.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Valuable Dunes Disappearing <\/strong><\/p>
\n <\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n The architect and executive director of MSJA believes that spatial plans must be revised to reflect the importance of Velika Pla\u017ea. \u201cAn analysis of the current state should be conducted with recommendations and guidelines for the restoration and rehabilitation of dunes and the beach hinterland. Stricter control is needed, along with dedicated monitoring and a management plan for the area. The number of beach lessees should be reduced, which would also reduce the number of parking lots, restaurants, storage facilities…,\u201d Lika notes, proposing the introduction of public transport, such as an e-bus, to bring tourists to Velika Pla\u017ea.<\/span><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n In her 2016 doctoral dissertation, Geobotanical Characterization of the Vascular Flora of Velika Ulcinjska Pla\u017ea and its Hinterland in Montenegro<\/em>, author Nada Bubanja<\/strong> points out that the site remains under-researched. \u201cThere are 16 plant endemics in the area of Velika Pla\u017ea and Ada Bojana Island \u2013 11 Balkan endemics and five subendemics whose ranges extend beyond the Balkans. There are 12 Natura 2000 habitat types present,\u201d the dissertation states.<\/span><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n Velika Pla\u017ea and its hinterland host a variety of habitat types, from sandy beaches and mobile dunes \u2013 which are very rare \u2013 to Mediterranean salt meadows, seasonal Mediterranean pools, tall hydrophilic Mediterranean meadows, and riparian forests of white willow and poplar, among others.<\/p>
\n From MES, it is emphasised that the wetlands at Velika Pla\u017ea are a unique habitat in Europe: \u201cThey host many bird species. For example, this is home to about 1% of the total European population of the rare waterbird \u2013 the little crake (<\/span>Porzana parva<\/em>). This bird is protected in Montenegro. The wetland habitats in the hinterland of Velika Pla\u017ea are extremely important, as they are home to a special species of green frog \u2013 the Skadar frog (<\/span>Pelophylax shqipericus<\/em>), which is a Balkan endemic and protected by law in Montenegro.\u201d<\/span><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n Velika Pla\u017ea is also rich in rare vegetation. In its surroundings, one can find plant species protected by national legislation and EU directives. One of them is the Skadar oak, an endemic subspecies of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur<\/em>), the only legally protected oak in Montenegro. Research by the Montenegrin Ecologists\u2019 Society revealed that lowland forests of this oak once thrived in the Bojana River valley, but due to human impact, they now survive only as isolated trees or small island-like patches. One of the symbols of Velika Pla\u017ea is the beautiful sea daffodil (Pancratium maritimum<\/em>).<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n Photo: \u201cSea Daffodil \u2013 Pancratium maritimum\u201d Jelena Popovi\u0107, MES<\/em><\/p><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n The various habitat types found across the Velika Pla\u017ea (Long Beach) area, its hinterland, and the Bojana River Delta form a unique ecosystem complex with a high concentration of diverse aquatic and terrestrial habitats within a relatively small area, explains this biologist. \u201cThe diversity of habitat types in this area provides living conditions for a large number of insect species with different adaptations. This region is one of the globally significant centers of biodiversity,\u201d he notes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n It has also been proven that the sand at Velika Pla\u017ea has healing properties and is suitable for medical applications, particularly for treating spinal conditions, rheumatism, disc disorders\u2026 However, today, in some places, the sand is no longer visible due to various types of waste that have accumulated over the years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Both \u0106emovsko Polje and Velika Pla\u017ea are true natural treasure troves close to urban areas, where people find refuge, spaces for recreation, peace, and inspiration. Their importance was particularly highlighted during the COVID-19 crisis, when people sought places for relaxation and calm. If their destruction continues\u2014through the development of industrial zones, hangars, and hotels for mass tourism\u2014where will people go in the future?<\/p>\n\n\n\n According to data from the European Environment Agency (EEA), by the end of 2021, protected areas covered 26% of the EU’s territory, with 18.6% of these designated as part of the Natura 2000 network.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 aims to protect at least 30% of EU territory by 2030, and at the same time ensure that all protected areas are effectively managed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Montenegro, a country striving to become an EU member, is significantly behind in meeting obligations under EU requirements, judging by the state of \u0106emovsko Polje and Velika Pla\u017ea. This lag also impacts the needs of its own population and biodiversity conservation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Velika Pla\u017ea and its hinterland: an important insect habitat<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n In the hinterland of Velika Pla\u017ea, including the Bojana Delta, 21 insect species of conservation significance have been recorded, says biologist Bogi\u0107 Gligorovi\u0107<\/strong> for the Center for Investigative Journalism of Montenegro (CIN-CG). \u201cFour important beetles live here \u2013 Cerambyx cerdo<\/em>, Osmoderma barnabita<\/em>, Lucanus cervus<\/em>, and Oryctes nasicornis<\/em>. Cerambyx cerdo<\/em> is a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List of Europe, while Oryctes nasicornis<\/em> is protected under national legislation. The species Luciola novaki<\/em> is endemic to Ulcinj. Six significant butterfly species are present in this area \u2013 Euplagia quadripunctaria<\/em>, Lycaena dispar<\/em>, Euphydryas aurinia<\/em>, Zerynthia polyxena<\/em>, Iphiclides podalirius<\/em>, and Papilio machaon<\/em>, along with several important species of dragonflies and damselflies \u2013 Cordulegaster heros<\/em>, which is near threatened on the IUCN Red List of Europe, Lindenia tetraphylla<\/em>, listed as vulnerable. The Bojana Delta, together with Lake Skadar, is one of the globally most important areas for this species. Other species like Lestes macrostigma<\/em>, Cordulegaster bidentata<\/em>, Gomphus schneiderii<\/em>, and Onychogomphus forcipatus<\/em> are also listed as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List of Europe.\u201d<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n According to Gligorovi\u0107, five endemic species of bush-crickets also live in this area \u2013 Acrometopa macropoda<\/em>, Saga natoliae<\/em>, Barbitistes ocskayi<\/em>, Ephippiger discoidalis<\/em>, and Eupholidoptera chabrieri<\/em>.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n This text was created within the project \u201cEcological Networks \u2013 A Key to Development Based on Preserved Nature,\u201d implemented by the Montenegrin Ecologists\u2019 Society (CDE). The project is supported by the Centre for Civic Education (CGO), as part of the program \u201cCSOs in Montenegro \u2013 From Basic Services to Policy Shaping \u2013 M\u2019BASE,\u201d funded by the European Union and co-financed by the Ministry of Public Administration. The contents of this text are the sole responsibility of the Montenegrin Ecologists Society and do not necessarily reflect the views of CGO, the European Union, or the Ministry of Public Administration.<\/em><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n This text was produced in cooperation with the Center for Investigative Journalism of Montenegro (CIN-CG) Despite meeting the criteria for protection, these habitats \u2014 valuable for biodiversity even in Europe \u2014 are full of garbage, illegal construction, unauthorized logging, and poaching. Fires are set deliberately, tires are burned, and the environment is polluted. Piles of …<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/drustvoekologa.me\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/IMG_7096-1024x683.jpg\")
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